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Alex Komoroske (Stripe, Google)03 October 2024

Thinking like a gardener not a builder, organizing teams like slime mold, the adjacent possible, and other unconventional product advice

10Frameworks
16Insights

Episode overview

Alex Komoroske argues that generative AI changes software's cost structure and rewards curiosity, experimentation, and distinctive taste. He contrasts top-down building with gardening: planting inexpensive seeds, observing signals, and investing in ideas that develop compounding momentum. The conversation also examines organizational kayfabe, slime-mold-like coordination, strategy salons, reflective productivity practices, and using the adjacent possible to move safely toward an ambitious North Star.

Key ideas

  • LLMs are “magical duct tape”: flexible and powerful, but probabilistic enough that products must be designed around their failure modes.
  • As AI reduces the cost of producing information, distinctive taste and a compelling personal perspective become more valuable than generic execution.
  • Gardening means planting many inexpensive seeds, watching for evidence of self-sustaining growth, and incrementally supporting what works.
  • Organizational kayfabe emerges when optimistic status reporting compounds through management layers and obscures ground truth.
  • Large organizations can emphasize coordinated coherence like a big rig or distribute autonomy across a swarm of independently steering teams.
  • Strategy salons create low-stakes, collaborative spaces where diverse participants develop half-formed ideas through “yes, and” discussion.
  • Productivity improves by protecting reflection time, exploiting moments of creative energy, and using simple rules or streaks to reduce repeated decisions.
  • The adjacent possible pairs small, safe next steps with a low-resolution North Star, avoiding both aimless incrementalism and impractical long-range plans.

Transcript available · source text is retained privately and is not published

Frameworks in this episode

Communication5 steps

Cross-Subgraph Resonance Testing (Metaphor Forging)

Test framings live across unconnected audiences; the ones that land in distant subgraphs will travel.

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Strategy5 steps

Gardening Over Building (Farming for Miracles)

Plant many cheap compounding seeds instead of manufacturing outcomes with brute effort.

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Leadership5 steps

Organizational Kayfabe

Diagnose the shared fiction everyone knows is false — then route around it without detonating it.

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Self-Mastery5 steps

Play Yourself Like a Fiddle (Activation Energy + Always-Rules)

Beat activation energy with tight time boxes and an escalating task ladder; hold habits with always-rules.

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Leadership4 steps

Slime Mold Org Design (Sports Car vs Big Rig)

Coordination cost grows with the square of headcount — drive the vehicle you actually have.

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Innovation6 steps

Strategy Salons (Nerd Clubs)

Seed a small, opt-in, yes-and idea group that spins off strategy insights as a side effect.

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Leadership4 steps

Superpower Naming (Be More, Not Different)

Name someone's superpower early, then frame every nudge as 'be more' rather than 'be different'.

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Leadership4 steps

The 70/30 Cover Fire Allocation

Spend 70% earning the right to exist so the other 30% can plant seeds nobody will kill.

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Strategy5 steps

The Adjacent Possible + Low-Resolution North Star

Take only safe next steps — but always the one with the steepest gradient toward a 3-5 year North Star.

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Productivity5 steps

The Bits and Bobs Idea Distillation Loop

Capture everything, filter weekly by resonance, distil, publish — a compounding personal insight engine.

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People & resources mentioned

Attributed to the moment in the episode. Timestamps are approximate.

People · 13

  • Alex KomoroskeMentionsAlex spent 13 years at Google where he worked on search double click he led Chrome's open web platform team for8 years

    today my guest is Alex karosi

  • Lenny RachitskyMentionstoday we've got another very special compilation episode something I've been pulling on more and more with the podcast and the newsletter

    today my guest is Alex karosi

  • Dylan FieldMentionsthat's something Dylan's really good out is trusting his intuition and gut

    I was interviewing Dylan field at figma config

  • Ethan MollickRecommendsCo-intelligence by Ethan Mullik. A really good book about AI and how to use it in your daily life

    Ethan mik um who a good friend who has an amazing blog who's absolutely worth reading

  • Helen NissenbaumCoinedmentioned

    I want to work in an angle now that has something about you know H and Bs concept of contextual Integrity

  • Steve JobsCoinedSteve Jobs is just uh the bar he held for the company and for technical talent and for excellence was not uh wavering.

    it builds on Steve Jobs's that computers are bicycle for the mine

  • Ed CatmullCoinedthe book Creativity Inc. by I think Ed Catmull where he talks about how new ideas are this ugly baby

    It reminds me of something Ed cill shared in creativity Inc this idea of the ugly baby

  • Ken StanleyCoinedmentioned

    this is what Ken Stanley might call for example novelty search

  • Jerry SeinfeldMentionsone of the stories that I tell is basically the story of Jerry Seinfeld

    it's like the Seinfeld uh trick of productivity where you just cross you just keep track of how many days

  • Tim UrbanCoinedThe person behind Wait But Why

    this is Tim Urban from way but Y

  • Donella MeadowsCoinedauthor of Thinking in Systems

    the other one is the meows thinking in systems

  • Eric BeinhockerCoinedmentioned

    origin of wealth by Eric bker

  • Patrick CollisonMentions“there's this tweet by Patrick hollison that I've brought up a couple times on this podcast”

    you could do it for famous people like for you know Patrick hollison

Resources · 35

  • GoogleMentionscompany · Google

    Alex spent 13 years at Google

  • Google ChromeMentionssoftware · Google

    he led Chrome's open web platform team for8 years

  • DoubleClickMentionscompany

    where he worked on search double click

  • Google SearchMentionssoftware · Google

    where he worked on search double click

  • Google MapsMentionssoftware · Google

    let M mented reality within Google Maps

  • StripeMentionscompany · Patrick Collison and John Collison

    after a stint at stripe as head of corporate strategy

  • Google DocsUsessoftware · Google

    it's just one Google duck

  • Bits and BobsCoinedwebsite · Alex Komoroske

    I take a lot of in meetings with them of like if you see me on my phone or typing

  • EppoMentionssoftware · Eppo

    EPO is a Next Generation AB testing and feature management platform

  • VantaMentionssoftware · Christina Cacioppo

    this episode is brought to you by vanta

  • CompendiumUsessoftware

    taking a bunch of compendium which is an open- Source tool

  • WebsimRecommendssoftware

    one of my favorite things to be honest right now it's using AI is webs

  • WebsimRecommendssoftware

    definitely play with web Sim

  • FigmaMentionssoftware · Figma

    I was interviewing Dylan field at figma config

  • ConfigMentionsevent · Figma

    I was interviewing Dylan field at figma config

  • OpenAIMentionscompany

    other than opening eye onic obviously

  • ClaudeUsessoftware · Anthropic

    I talk to Claude 20 times a day

  • Creativity, Inc.Mentionsbook · Ed Catmull and Amy Wallace

    It reminds me of something Ed cill shared in creativity Inc this idea of the ugly baby

  • CodaUsessoftware · Coda

    I use Koda every day to coordinate my podcasting and newsletter workflows

  • PerplexityMentionssoftware · Perplexity AI

    I did a a newsletter post with the company perplexity about how they build product

  • Amazon Web ServicesMentionscompany · Amazon

    AWS has picked the exact opposite thing

  • AppleMentionscompany · Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne

    Apple has chosen the former

  • GustoUsescompany

    figure out how to add the you know do this thing in Gusto

  • PelotonUsesproduct · Peloton Interactive

    since the pandemic started I have done a pelaton workout every single day

  • WikipediaMentionswebsite · Wikimedia Foundation

    I wrote my thesis on the emergent power dynamics of Wikipedia user community

  • The Origin of WealthRecommendsbook · Eric Beinhocker

    origin of wealth by Eric bker which is great

  • Thinking in SystemsRecommendsbook · Donella Meadows

    the other one is the meows thinking in systems which is short easy to read very approachable

  • The Green KnightRecommendsfilm · David Lowery

    for me uh I was thinking about this it's the Green Knight

  • GmailUsessoftware · Google

    one uh use case of web Sim that I found really fun that I used with Dylan is if you do Gmail

  • FacebookMentionscompany · Meta

    Myspace was the Wild West Facebook made it so you can't change the CSS

  • MySpaceMentionswebsite

    Myspace was the Wild West Facebook made it so you can't change the CSS

  • InstagramMentionssoftware · Meta

    the answer they'll give you is something like Instagram

  • MediumUseswebsite · Medium

    whenever I post in my bits and Bobs or any medium article

  • SpotifyMentionssoftware · Spotify

    you can subscribe to the show on Apple podcast Spotify or your favorite podcast app

  • Apple PodcastsMentionssoftware · Apple Inc.

    you can subscribe to the show on Apple podcast Spotify or your favorite podcast app

Spot an error or want something removed? Request a correction or removal.

Insights & moments

The myth-busts, hot takes, explainers, and tools worth keeping.

Hot Take· 4

Hot Take13:30

If Your AI Product Occasionally "Punches the User in the Face," It's Not Viable

Alex critiques teams who treat LLMs as reliable oracles and try to grind down their failure rate. Even at 99% accuracy, an unpredictable 1% that badly hurts the user makes for a non-viable product. Instead of chasing full accuracy, he argues you should design products that assume the tool is 'squishy' and take LLMs for granted as capable-but-imperfect.

  • Reducing failure from 5% to 1% still isn't enough if the failure is severe
  • LLMs are a 'squishy computer' that does roughly what you meant, not exactly
  • Design around unreliability rather than trying to eliminate it
  • Ask what you can build now that you have 'magical duct tape', not how to make it perfect

even if you get it down to like 99% of the time it's fine if it punches in the face that's not a viable product

Alex Komoroske · 13:30
#ai#product-design#reliability
Hot Take16:30

In a World of AI Slop, Taste Is the Most Important Skill

As the cost of producing information collapses and most output becomes slop, Alex argues the way to stand out is taste — a perspective distinct from the background average that others find compelling. He defines taste concretely as how different what you say is from what an LLM would have written given the same prompt, and urges people to lean into being the best version of themselves rather than an efficient cog.

  • Falling cost of information production means a cacophony of slop
  • Taste = a differentiated perspective that is both individual and compelling to others
  • Concrete test: how distinct is your output from what an LLM would generate?
  • Good taste must resonate with others, not just be 'out there'

most of it is slop and so in this cacophony how do you stand out you stand out by having good taste I think taste…

Alex Komoroske · 16:30

differentiate from what the llm would have written if given the same prompt how different how distinctive is what you have to say

Alex Komoroske · 17:00
#ai#taste#differentiation#career
Hot Take31:30

Think Like a Gardener, Not a Builder

Alex contrasts the 'Builder' mindset — make a plan and force reality to match it — with a gardening mindset that looks for things that can grow on their own with a little direction or extra energy. The builder's ceiling is the effort you put in; the gardener plants many cheap seeds and waters the ones that start growing. Done well it looks like magic or luck, because you're 'farming for miracles' rather than picking winners in advance.

  • Builder mindset can't create more value than the effort you put in
  • Gardening finds things with compounding potential that grow on their own
  • Plant many cheap seeds; don't try to predict which becomes the oak tree
  • Water only the ones showing signal; the downside is just the opportunity cost of planting

what I look for instead are things that can be gardened things that can grow on their own

Alex Komoroske · 31:30

what you're doing is you're you're farming for miracles

Alex Komoroske · 32:30
#strategy#product#emergence#mindset
Hot Take1:20:00

Software Is Alchemy — Don't Let AI Trap Us in a Dozen Boxes

Alex laments that the canonical 'piece of software' has become the monolithic, non-composable app — allowed to exist only if a handful of giant companies permit it. He worries the default AI future is everyone locked in a box with a super-good 'AI clippy', arguing over whose clippy it'll be. He wants the opposite: use LLMs as magical duct tape to escape the box and restore software's combinatorial, agency-extending potential.

  • The default 'canonical software' is now a monolithic, non-composable app
  • Apps exist only if a few of the world's largest companies allow them
  • The feared AI default: everyone locked in a box with a proprietary 'clippy'
  • Software is alchemy — it should combine with others' work in unforeseen ways
  • LLMs as a disruptive force could break the monolithic, aggregator-controlled paradigm

to me software is alchemy it's the ability to extend human agency Beyond ourselves to create something that can then combine with what others have…

Alex Komoroske · 1:21:00

now with the power of AI everyone just is default assuming that what's going to happen is we're all going to be locked inside of…

Alex Komoroske · 1:21:30
#ai#software#aggregators#web#agency

Explainer· 5

Explainer11:00

LLMs Are "Magical Duct Tape" That Breaks Old Assumptions

Alex describes LLMs as a genuinely disruptive technology that undermines the industry's core assumption that software is expensive to write and cheap to run. LLMs make writing 'good enough' software far cheaper, but their inference cost makes them relatively expensive to run at the margin. He uses the metaphor of a room tilting five degrees: everything looks the same but the direction of gravity has changed, and a lot of your intuition is now wrong.

  • The industry is applying end-of-era playbooks to a technology that doesn't fit them
  • LLMs make writing cheap software cheaper, but inference makes running it costlier
  • Ad-supported consumer startups may not work because ads can't clear inference cost
  • A disruptive tech invalidates assumptions you didn't know you were making

to me llms are magical duct tape they are formed principally by the distilled intuition of all of society into a thing that operates between…

Alex Komoroske · 11:00
#ai#llms#disruption#product
Explainer19:00

AI Makes Individuals Better — Which Is Why It's Invisible to Orgs

Unlike most workplace tools that are collaborative, AI makes individuals better in ways they may not want to reveal to their manager. Because it's 'magical duct tape' that's hard to scale into repeatable large systems, it gets used in the small, below the organization's level of awareness. That's why AI can look unused at the industry level while actually being used heavily in the long tail.

  • Most adopted tools are collaborative; AI is the opposite — it boosts the individual
  • People may hide productivity gains for fear of headcount cuts
  • It's easy to help one task, hard to build scaled repeatable systems from it
  • Long-tail usage makes AI's value invisible in aggregate industry data

this is things that make individuals better and in a way they might not want to tell their manager about

Alex Komoroske · 19:30
#ai#organizations#productivity
Explainer23:30

Organizational Kayfabe: Why Big Companies Believe Their Own Fiction

Borrowing 'kayfabe' from pro wrestling — something everyone knows is fake but acts as if real — Alex explains how small optimistic white-lies in status updates compound up the org chart until leadership is orders of magnitude off ground truth. Anyone who tries to 'hit the ground truth button' risks being knocked out of the game, so people eventually just believe the fiction, and the organization becomes a zombie that lumbers on despite everyone privately agreeing it can't work.

  • Kayfabe = something everyone knows is fake but treats as real
  • A 'yellow' status quietly reported as 'green' is locally rational but compounds upward
  • The core asymmetry: you can't make your boss look dumb, so bad news gets buffered
  • Eventually people just believe the fiction, turning the org into a zombie
  • Alex insists this is descriptive, not cynical — naming it reveals cheaper options

kab is a word that comes I believe is a Carney word that is used and applied to professional wrestling and it means a thing…

Alex Komoroske · 24:00

you can't make your boss look dumb because if you do they're the person who who decides oh this person's not performing

Alex Komoroske · 29:30
#organizations#leadership#systems#culture
Explainer42:30

Slime Mold Orgs: Don't Drive a Big Rig Like a Sports Car

Alex's slime-mold thesis is that coordination cost grows roughly with the square of the number of people, making large orgs hard to steer even when everyone is good and collaborative. A founder can steer a small company like a sports car; at scale it becomes a big rig, and driving it like a sports car wrecks it. The alternatives are to drive the big rig deliberately (invest in program management, pivot less) or split into a swarm of autonomous sports cars — Apple chose coherence, AWS chose the swarm.

  • Coordination cost scales with roughly the square of the number of people
  • Small company = steerable sports car; large company = a big rig
  • Big rigs mean 'pivot less' and invest in process, not just 'go slow'
  • Apple optimizes for coherence; AWS embraces an antifragile swarm
  • Slimes can find solutions to problems you didn't know you were searching for

if you drive a big rig like a sports car you're going to be a danger to yourself and others on the road and you're…

Alex Komoroske · 43:30

slimes are actually kind of amazing they can find pro solutions to problems you didn't even know you were searching for

Alex Komoroske · 45:00
#organizations#scaling#systems#strategy
Explainer1:08:00

The Adjacent Possible: Small Steps Toward a Low-Res North Star

Alex explains 'the adjacent possible' — the small set of near-certain actions right in front of you. Rather than making a flying leap to an end state, you take a safe next step, the world reconfigures, and new options open up. You pair this with a deliberately low-resolution North Star three-to-five years out that everyone agrees is plausible, then repeatedly pick the adjacent step with the steepest gradient toward it — needing both incremental steps and long-term coherence to avoid random-walking or building castles in the sky.

  • The adjacent possible is smaller than we assume — within arm's reach
  • Each safe action reconfigures the world and unlocks the next set of options
  • Set a low-resolution North Star 3-5 years out that everyone finds plausible
  • Pick the adjacent step whose gradient pulls hardest toward the North Star
  • Incremental-only random-walks; long-term-only builds impossible castles

when you recognize that your adjacent possible is relatively small you realize that you actually have full agency to pick within the subset that is…

Alex Komoroske · 1:08:30

the way you get that is by creating a kind of North Star for yourself it should be in three to five years in the…

Alex Komoroske · 1:10:00
#strategy#product#planning#decision-making

Story· 1

Story02:00

The "Bits and Bobs" Doc: Alex's Idea-Collecting Practice

Alex keeps a ~600-page public Google Doc plus 17,000+ private working notes where he captures interesting ideas from conversations every day. During the week he processes and tags notes (using embeddings to surface similar past ideas), then on Friday afternoons selects the ones that still resonate, distills them on weekends, and publishes on Mondays. He frames this reflective writing habit as the single biggest source of his most interesting insights and a driver of his productivity.

  • The public 'bits and Bobs' doc is roughly 600 pages of unspooled insights
  • He has 17,248 unpublished working notes in an open-source tool built ~5 years ago
  • Uses embeddings to find similar past ideas when processing new notes
  • Weekly cadence: capture daily, select on Friday, distill on weekends, publish Monday
  • Deliberately keeps the doc a little 'illegible' so readers have to work with it

it's like I can't imagine not doing this it is the the place where I find most of my most interesting insights is by reflecting…

Alex Komoroske · 07:00
#note-taking#productivity#reflection#writing

Tool· 1

Tool20:30

Using Claude as an "Electric Bike for Idea Spaces"

Alex says he talks to Claude ~20 times a day, loading projects with context from his bits-and-bobs notes and using it to think through problems — generating examples, critiquing framings, and layering in concepts. He frames it as a well-read but naive friend who never makes you feel dumb, and updates Steve Jobs's 'bicycle for the mind' metaphor: LLMs are an electric bicycle for the mind, letting you cover far more idea-ground quickly.

  • He talks to Claude ~20 times a day with heavily context-loaded projects
  • Uses it to name concepts, generate 10 examples, and critique his own framings
  • Think of it as an extremely well-read but naive friend who won't judge you
  • Explore a problem space cheaply, then check conclusions with real experts

I I talk to Claude 20 times a day

Alex Komoroske · 20:30

it's like an electric bike for idea spaces kind of you can just cover so much more ground so much more quickly in them

Alex Komoroske · 22:00
#ai#claude#tools#thinking

Takeaway· 5

Takeaway08:00

Take a Reflection Day: Deep Thinking Needs Space

Alex argues that being constantly busy leaves no room for the deep thinking that actually saves time. He keeps one meeting-free day (originally Fridays working from home, despite colleagues mocking him) to read carefully and reflect. His test: if he had to explain the same strategic idea in ten one-on-ones, that should have been a 30-minute document instead.

  • "The Mundane Pointless will cut take every square inch you give it" — so you must protect space
  • Monday-Thursday is meetings 8-to-6; one day reserved for reading and reflection
  • If the same framing worked for 10 people, write it as a reusable document
  • He does this for effectiveness, not just enjoyment

deep thinking takes time and space and you got to create that space

Alex Komoroske · 08:00
#productivity#deep-work#time-management
Takeaway35:30

Create "Cover Fire" So Your Team Can Do Great Work

Alex's approach at Google was to have 70% of his team's effort go toward clearly valuable, even boring, linear work — so no one could ever ask 'what does that team even do?' That undeniable value buys credibility and protection, freeing the other 30% to plant risky seeds. He pictures it as laying down cover fire while quietly building the 'doomsday bomb' where no squirrel can dig up the acorn.

  • 70% of effort on unambiguously valuable work to earn organizational trust
  • The remaining ~30% funds experimental, hard-to-measure seeds
  • Credibility is what protects a team's space to do great (not just good) work
  • Great work requires a high-trust environment where people lean into superpowers

you want to create cover fire for your team where your team's just hitting goals moving metrics and then while with that cover fire you're…

Lenny Rachitsky · 37:30

70% of my effort and my team's effort should go on things that everybody acknowledges are important and useful and create value

Alex Komoroske · 36:00
#leadership#teams#strategy#management
Takeaway57:00

"Always Rules" Beat "Sometimes Rules" for Self-Control

Alex's productivity insight is that clear black-and-white rules hold up better than negotiable ones. A 'sometimes' diet rule collapses the first time you rationalize an exception; an 'always' rule (with narrowly-defined exceptions) is easy to hold forever. He's done a Peloton workout every single day since the pandemic began by asking, of any given day, whether it's really the single hardest of hundreds — it never is.

  • Sometimes-rules break the first time you rationalize an exception
  • Always-rules are clear enough to hold indefinitely
  • Define narrow, unambiguous exceptions (e.g., a socially-awkward homemade dessert)
  • The daily-streak framing ('is today really the hardest day?') sustains the habit

always rules are better than sometimes rules for self-control

Alex Komoroske · 57:00

is today the day of all the hundreds of days in this streak that is the worst or the hardest for me to do this…

Alex Komoroske · 58:00
#productivity#habits#self-control
Takeaway1:03:30

The Hallmark Card Fallacy: Why Clichés Are Actually True

Alex describes the 'Hallmark card fallacy': you earn a deep insight at great effort, try to share it, and people dismiss it as a greeting-card cliché. The reason those phrases get repeated endlessly is precisely that they're meaningful — you just heard them before you were ready. He tries to plant ideas like little seeds that may only crack open years later when someone's finally ready.

  • Hard-won insights often sound like trite clichés to others
  • Clichés are repeated so often because they're genuinely meaningful
  • You can hear the words a million times but only 'get' them when ready
  • Plant ideas as seeds that may germinate in someone years later

the reason people keep on saying it is because it's meaningful

Alex Komoroske · 1:04:00
#wisdom#communication#mentorship
Takeaway1:13:30

Happiness = Reality Minus Expectations

Riffing on Tim Urban's formula, Alex notes that reality is hard to change but expectations are easy, so holding expectations lightly is the cheapest lever on happiness. He's careful to say this isn't an argument for mediocrity: still seek something great and be proud of it, but don't rigidly attach to a specific outcome. A companion tip: feel now the emotion the story will give you in ten years (if it'll be funny later, find the humor now).

  • Reality is hard to change; expectations are easy, so adjust expectations
  • Hold expectations lightly rather than lowering ambition
  • Not an endorsement of mediocrity — still seek something you're proud of
  • Feel the emotion your future self will have about the story (funny-in-10-years)

happiness is um reality minus expectations

Alex Komoroske · 1:13:30

reality is hard to change it's not impossible it's hard to change your expectations are super easy so just change your expectations

Alex Komoroske · 1:14:00
#happiness#mindset#life-advice